Notes regarding Dictionaries:
When website form of online reference work content indicates last updated, include that as its publication year. However, do not include reviewed dates.
Online webpage/website encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. are "inherently designed to change," and as such, references must include a date of retrieval unless a specific edition is indicated (Manual, Sects. 9.16 & 10.3).
However, treat online form of printed encyclopedias similar to chapter in edited book, and use published year.
Definition Entry in a general Dictionary, retrieved online, no entry author, no date, no editor. For direct quote, recommend providing more-specific information--see example below.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Love. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 14, 2020, from
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Narrative: Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
Direct quote: (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Entry 1 of 2, Definition 3b)
Entry in a specialized/subject Dictionary without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version.
Note that even though this is an ebook, the entries are not viewable in PDF.
Harris, J., & White, V. (Eds.). (2018). Feminist social work. In A dictionary of social work and social care (2nd ed.). F. A. Davis.
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Harris & White, 2018)
Narrative: Harris and White (2018)
Direct quote: (Harris & White, 2018, para. 2)
Notes regarding Encyclopedias:
When website form of online reference work content indicates last updated, include that as its publication year. However, do not include a reviewed date.
Online webpage/website encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. are "inherently designed to change," and as such, references must include a date of retrieval unless a specific edition is indicated (Manual, Sects. 9.16 & 10.3).
However, treat online form of printed encyclopedias similar to chapter in edited book, and use published year.
Entry in an online Encyclopedia (webpage form) with entry author name, without a DOI. Include date of retrieval.
Barris, T. (2015). Chuckwagon races. In The Canadian encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved December 29, 2019, from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chuckwagon-races
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Barris, 2015)
Narrative: Barris (2015)
Direct quote: (Barris, 2015, para. 3)
Entry in an online Encyclopedia (webpage form) with entry author name and publisher, without a DOI. Since version of entry is archived, no date of retrieval is necessary.
LoCicero, R. (2023). Hemophilia B. In A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine.
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (LoCicero, 2023)
Narrative: LoCicero (2023)
Direct quote: (LoCicero, 2023, Causes section, para. 1)
Entry in an Encyclopedia with entry author name, assigned a DOI (online or print),
and is a single volume. Must include full pagination of entry, not just the cited page.
Mori, S. (2016). Japan: Deaf community. In G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds.), The SAGE Deaf Studies encyclopedia (pp. 528-532). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346489
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Mori, 2016)
Narrative: Mori (2016)
Direct quote: (Mori, 2016, p. 529)
Entry in an Encyclopedia with an entry author name, from most academic research databases or print version, multiple volume set. Must include full pagination of entry, not just the cited page.
Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Macmillan Reference USA.
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Hanegraaff, 2005)
Narrative: Hanegraaff (2005)
Direct quote: (Hanegraaff, 2005, p. 6495)
Entry in an Encyclopedia without an entry author name, from most academic research databases or print
version, reference is similar to dictionary entry by indicating author(s)/editor(s) of entire work and term being defined.
Turkington, C., & Sussman, A. E. (2004). Tinnitus. In The encyclopedia of deafness and hearing disorders (2nd ed., updated, pp. 204-206). Facts on File.
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Turkington & Sussman, 2004)
Narrative: Turkington and Sussman (2004)
Direct quote: (Turkington & Sussman, 2004, p. 205)
Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) - without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version, with entry author
Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also, note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review. Title of the test is capitalized.
Entry information:
Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L. ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.
Reference entry:
Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska Press.
How to cite this work in-text:
Parenthetical: (Allen, 1992)
Narrative: Allen (1992)
Direct quote: (Allen, 1992, p. 211)