This quaint chart predates the web 2.0, in particular, the "social web" and the smartphone revolution. There is so much online now.... But diligence is still needed more than ever to be critical. There are six criteria that should be applied when evaluating any Web site: authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, coverage, and appearance. A lot of creators hope (or know) you don't bother with anything off this list. The tabs on this page go into more details for each point of concern.
| Authority |
Is it clear who is responsible for the contents of the page? Is there a way of verifying the legitimacy of the organization, group, company or individual? Is there any indication of the author's qualifications for writing on a particular topic? Is the information from sources known to be reliable? |
| Accuracy |
Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so they can be verified in another source? Is the information free of grammatical, spelling, and other typographical errors? |
| Objectivity |
Does the content appear to contain any evidence of bias? Is there a link to a page describing the goals or purpose of the sponsoring organization or company? If there is any advertising on the page, is it clearly differentiated from the informational content? |
| Currency | Are there dates on the page to indicate when the page was written, when the page was first placed on the Web, or when the page was last revised? |
| Coverage |
Are these topics successfully addressed, with clearly presented arguments and adequate support to substantiate them? Does the work update other sources, substantiate other materials you have read, or add new information? Is the target audience identified and appropriate for your needs? |
| Appearance |
Does the site look well organized? Do the links work? Does the site appear well maintained? |
a) Is it clear who is responsible for the contents of the page?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - It is critical to relate the ideas you find at a site to a particular author, organization, or business. In this way, there is a degree of accountability for any of the ideas expressed. Once the individual or organization responsible for the content is known, you can then begin to look at other clues to help you ascertain the website's credibility, such as credentials and reputation. Be especially wary of sites in which the author or sponsoring organization is not clearly stated.
Note, the sponsor of a site is not always responsible for the content. You can try and determine a site's sponsor by looking for references at the top and/or bottom of the page. In addition, the first part of the address of a site, called the domain, contains information that allows you to get a general idea of the sponsor. For example, having the domain name .edu (e.g. http://www.nmu.edu) means the site is hosted by an educational institution (there are rare exceptions), .com means a commercial enterprise, and .gov means a government agency. At one time .org meant an organization, but that is no longer the case (this blog post explains it). It is important to note that many sponsors are not directly responsible for the content on their site, such as personal pages hosted by universities or commercial Internet Service Providers (e.g. AT&T, UP.net, etc.) or blog websites or social media or...the list goes on
If you want to find out specifically who is hosting a site, you can remove part of the address from your current page and go back to the root address. For example, let's say you are looking at a site on the Renaissance, located at https://www.learner.org/subject/mathematics/. If there is no indication who is sponsoring this site you can go back to http://www.learner.org/. Here you discover the Renaissance site is a project sponsored by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting with funding from the Annenberg School of Communications.
If you really want to dig into the ownership of a website, this blog post can help. It's a sticky process.
b) Is there a way of verifying the legitimacy of the organization, group, company or individual? That is, is there a phone number or postal address to contact for more information? (Simply an e-mail address is not enough).
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - Anyone can put up a Web page or have a Web presence or post something on any number of social media sites--the sky is the limit. And in fact, anyone or anything does this. As a result, you need to have some idea whether the person or group claiming responsibility for the information on the Web site is legitimate. A phone number or postal address allows you to contact the group or company and ask for more information. Be wary of sites that do not provide contact information. Because it is difficult to verify the legitimacy of an individual, personal home pages may be useful sources for personal opinion but must be used with caution when citing them as a source for factual information.
c) Is there any indication of the author's qualifications (either an individual or an organization) for writing on a particular topic?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - If you find an article describing the ecology of black bears, you need to know if the author is qualified to speak intelligently on this topic. Clues include an author's educational background (e.g. PhD in Wildlife Ecology from the University of Michigan), current position (Wildlife Biologist for the Department of Natural Resources), or reputation (Nobel Laureate in Biology, member of the National Academy of Sciences, etc.). If the content is provided by an organization, you might want to consider if the organization known and respected. You might have to conduct some serious Internet searches for this information. See the suggestions on the Fake News tab.
d) Is the information from sources known to be reliable?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - Statements from established and reputable organizations almost always have been seen and approved by several people--there is a vetting process. As a result, this check and balance system helps prevent the release of unsound information. Government sites (.gov) are very good examples of organizations where information is disseminated through this type of system (politics does get in the way, though). For other organizations, it can be difficult sometimes to determine if they are established and reputable. Clues to look for include the date an organization was founded, the number of members, their mission, the types of publications they produce, whether they have annual conferences, etc. Generally, established organizations have been around for a while and have a good membership base.
One way of determining the reputation of an organization is to examine how it is referred to in newspaper or periodical articles. You can use the library's subscription databases to search for articles in newspapers and periodicals on a particular organization. Again, see the suggestions on the Fake News tab.
Other sources known for quality include online journals and magazines. Most journals use a peer review process, whereby several individuals evaluate and critique an article, allowing the author to make revisions before an editor makes a final decision on whether it is published. Popular magazines, although not having as stringent of a review process, still have editors who evaluate articles before they are published. As a result of this editorial process, these publications will tend to be more reliable or trustworthy than information found on a personal Web site.
In regards to the quality of an information source, it is important to note the difference between an unofficial comment made by an individual at an organization and an official statement by the same organization. When Bill Smith, employee of the National Weather Service, says on National Public Radio "I believe this will be a bad year for hurricanes," this information is based on his opinion and may be no more reliable than your own. This is significantly different than a statement on the National Weather Service's Web site, "This is going to be a bad year for hurricanes." The employee is speaking for himself; whereas a statement in the name of NWS represents the official position of NWS. An official position will have been reviewed or edited before being released. Social media habits of nearly everyone and careless reporting have made this something of a free-for-all.
a) Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so they can be verified in another source?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - A source of information is known to be scholarly when it provides references to the information presented. In this way, the reader can confirm whether the information is accurate or the author's conclusions reasonable. A page without references (scholarly or otherwise) still may be useful as an example of the ideas of an individual, organization, or business, but not as source of factual information. Go back up the chain to the original story and read if for yourself. The original source could itself be nonsense (but believed because the reader wants to believe it), but it's been repeated and forwarded. Check it.
b) Is the information free of grammatical, spelling, and other typographical errors?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - Such errors not only indicate a lack of attention and effort, but also can actually produce inaccuracies in information. Whether the errors come from carelessness or ignorance, they both put the information or writer in an unfavorable light. Might be translated from another language or thrown together from AI. It's going to be hard to know this.
a) Does the content appear to contain any evidence of bias?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - This is a tough one. If the content contains bias, only one point of view is being presented. This may not be bad depending on your needs. For example, in writing a position paper on gun control, you may want to compare the extreme pro-gun position of the National Rifle Association, with that of the anti-gun organizations in many states called Cease Fire, or a more balanced report published by an independent think tank site (such as the Brookings Institute). Regardless, you will want to know if the information is biased or not in order to make appropriate decisions on how to use it.
One way of determining this is by relying on your own experience and knowledge to determine if the information appears believable or reasonable. In your experience, does the information make sense? If an individual claims that one of every 3 Americans have an alcohol problem, is it true that a third of all your friends and family members have a drinking problem? Another way of detecting bias is assessing how true the information appears relative to other reliable sources of information. You should make sure you corroborate any position you find with other positions published in other sources, online or otherwise. In this way you can discover where a position appears on the continuum.
NOTE: the domain name (as mentioned under Authority) can help you determine the possible slant or potential bias of the information contained in a site. For example, the benefits of a new drug might be more objective coming from a government web site (.gov), such as the Food and Drug Administration, rather than those offered by its manufacturer, Bristal-Myers Squibb (.com). After 2018, though, "top level domains" have become much more than .com's, .org's, and .net's, which you might have noticed. The domain names no longer carry a simple pattern.
Directly related to bias is the concept of fairness. Good information sources will use a calm, reasoned tone to present information in a balanced manner. Pay attention to the tone and be cautious of sites that contain highly emotional writing. Writing that is overly critical, attacking, or spiteful often indicates an irrational and unfair presentation rather than a reasoned argument.
b) Is there a link to a page describing the goals or purpose of the sponsoring organization or company?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - The goals or purpose of a group, organization, or company can help you assess for possible biasness. For example, let's say you found articles in the online newspaper-The UP Gazette-that seems to be more about promoting a particular candidate. There is nothing in the title of the newspaper that would necessarily lead you to believe this is a biased perspective. However, upon looking at the "About Us" describing what this source is about, you discover it is part of Metric Media with a family of nearly 50 similar sites in the state, claiming that they are filling the void of local news in the Michigan. Digging deeper using other news sources, as you should, you will find that UP Gazette is a "pink slime" source, a biased "news" source. This takes time, and few people seem to be willing to do it. How did that kind news story get to you, anyway? From personal experience, junk turns up in your inbox following (yet another) data breach. Your email address or phone number is then used by unscrupulous people for phishing and other nonsense.
c) If there is any advertising on the page, is it clearly differentiated from the informational content?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - The intent of advertising is to sell a product or idea (maybe based on what you've searched for recently or was mentioned in an email or text). Sometimes advertising is woven into an article, where it is hard to notice that the information presented is actually part of an advertisement. An example in the print world would be a multi-page, special advertising insert in Newsweek, paid for by a leading group of pharmaceutical companies that discusses new developments in drug treatments for arthritis. Although the article is very informative, its intent is to promote the products of particular companies. In the Web environment, it is especially important to critically examine information presented on websites.
Are there dates on the page to indicate when the page was written, when the page was first placed on the Web,or when the page was last revised?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? - Some information is very time sensitive. For example, a page talking about Artificial Intelligence in 2021 is going to be horribly out of date in 2024. There have been incredible changes in AI technology and new developments appear almost monthly. However, a page discussing the Civil War is likely still relevant today even if the page was created in the 2000s and has not been updated. Regardless, a site should always provide some indication of when the information was created or the site was last updated.
Be careful about the copyright date, at the bottom of most pages, which stays up do date. This is not when a site was updated.
a) Are these topics successfully addressed, with clearly presented arguments and adequate support to substantiate them?
b) Does the work update other sources, substantiate other materials you have read, or add new information? Does it extensively or marginally cover your topic?
c) Is the target audience identified and appropriate for your needs?
WHY ARE THESE IMPORTANT? - Coverage is one of the most important factors to consider before using the information on a Web page. If the information appears one-sided, it could be evidence of bias (see objectivity). You should explore enough sources to obtain a variety of viewpoints and thereby determine where a particular view fits on the continuum. The problem is, this takes a lot of time. Many people are on to the next thing. And so on.
Also, you will want to see if a page is presenting a new perspective on the topic, or just summarizing other sources. If it summarizes other sources, you will likely want to get hold of the originals--work back up the chain of links to the original and read it yourself. If it is difficult to assess the topics covered in a page or the arguments are not presented very clearly, you might reconsider before referencing this site.
Finally, be aware of the target audience to whom a page is directed. The target audience has a direct bearing on the coverage of a site. For example, if you find a page dealing with evolution on a K-12 educational site, it is likely the material may be too simplified for a college biology paper.
a) Does the site look well organized?
b) Do the links work?
c) Does the site appear that it is well maintained?
d) Do graphics and multimedia obscure content?
WHY ARE THESE IMPORTANT - In the print world, one way of assessing quality in a book is through its physical layout and appearance: the sturdiness of the binding and cover material, the presence of a well-organized table of contents and a comprehensive index, clear typeface, appropriate illustrations, etc. This attention to detail reflects an inherent quality. Likewise, in the Web environment, a sign of quality in a site is external links that work properly, an organizational structure that allows one to quickly determine the content and access it equally fast, and graphics or multimedia that complement the information presented. These are, however, easy to do online. Perhaps the other tabs here should be considered as an additional means of checking.
Additional resource, which these pages were originally drawn from:
Evaluating Resources: Home. From UC Berkeley.